Characteristics of Avocado Fruit: • Avocado fruits are in different shapes, colors and sizes. Fruit size varies between 200-600 grams. The fruits can be round, oval or pear-shaped. The color of the bark varies from light yellowish green to dark green, from chestnut brown to purple black. The shell surface may be smooth or rough. The flesh is light yellow - cream colored and greenish towards the skin. Fruit flesh contains a high amount of fat. Each fruit has a single seed Fruit Yield of Avocado Tree • The successful development of a commercial avocado orchard depends on the climatic conditions of the region, the selection of the appropriate place for the garden, the selection of rootstock and grafted tangerine sprouts suitable for the soil, and the agricultural methods applied (irrigation, pruning, fertilization). In general, avocado seedlings, which can bear fruit 3 years after the avocado trees are planted, should have an average temperature of 25-30 degrees. The economic life of avocado seedlings is short and they live an average of 20 years. In general, the branches of avocado seedlings, which can be 7 to 10 meters tall depending on the soil structure of the place where they are planted, are brittle and fragile. The shoots of avocado seedlings, which have the ability to shoot 2-3 times a year, are formed only in the spring period. According to the fruit quality of avocado seedlings, it generally yields 50-100 kg of fruit per tree. Climate Requirements of the Avocado Tree • Since avocado is an evergreen, subtropical fruit species, its commercial cultivation is carried out in tropical and subtropical regions with mild winters. Avocados are affected by winter and late spring frosts, low temperatures during flowering and fruit set, sudden temperature fluctuations, strong winds and high temperatures in the sapling period. The land where the avocado garden will be established should be in places that are relatively protected from strong winds and not too cold. The effect of low temperatures varies between -2C and -6.5C according to avocado varieties. Soil Requirements of the Avocado Tree Avocado is very tolerant in terms of soil demands. Avocado trees can grow in many soil types ranging from light to heavy textured soils. However, the best soils for avocados are; Deep (not less than 1 meter) fertile, well-drained, especially sandy-loamy and alluvial soils and soil pH should be close to neutral or slightly acidic (pH 5-7). The level of ground water in the soil is maximum 1.5 2.0 m. It should be around and where the ground water is higher, it should be reduced to this level by drainage. Planting the Avocado Tree, Determining the Planting Places and Planting Distances • One of the characteristic features of the avocado tree is that it has a very brittle structure. Therefore, it is easily broken by fruit load and especially by strong winds. • Depending on the strength of the wind, tree falling may also occur. Dry and hot winds that occur in the summer months cause more transpiration (sweating), increasing the water loss of the trees and more fruit dropping occurs. • For all these reasons, if the garden is not open to the effects of the wind and is not protected, windbreaks should be established. Windbreaks should be installed before the garden is established. If windbreaks are planted together with avocado seedlings in the newly established avocado orchards in the same period, the expected benefits may not be realized because the windbreaks will be approximately as tall as the saplings. Until the windbreaks reach a sufficient height, although it is quite expensive, windbreaks should be made for the seedlings one by one. Windbreakers can protect an area approximately 6-10 times their height from the wind. • First, we plow the selected area at a depth of 60-80 cm. Tillage is done in order to destroy the perennial weeds and prevent soil heaving, which contributes to the better development of the root system of the trees. In the continuation of these applications, we have to dig holes for the planting process. These pits should be 60-80 cm deep and 60-80 cm in diameter. • Generally, 6 x 6 m planting intervals are recommended for vertically growing 'Zutano' and 'Bacon' cultivars, and 7 x 7 m for dispersed growing 'Fuerte' and 'Hass' cultivars. Under this scheme, 20 trees per acre would be approximately 200 trees per hectare. Water Requirements of the Avocado Tree • Root distributions of avocado trees show similarities with 'citrus fruits'. Hence; Irrigation amount and irrigation interval show parallelism with 'citrus trees' of the same size. • There should be sufficient and quality irrigation water in the place where the garden will be established. Avocado trees are sensitive to salts (chlorine and sodium). If the irrigation water contains more than 100 ppm of chlorine, it causes moderate and severe leaf tip burns. Excess sodium has a similar effect. For this reason, it is very important to determine the quality of the water to be used for irrigation.